General Studies – Paper-IV

Ethics – Basics

• Ethics is about right and wrong
• Ethics is about virtue and vice
• Ethics is about benefit and harm
• According to Mackenzie.  : Ethics is the study of what is right or wrong in human conduct or science of the ideals involved in human life.

VALUES & ETHICS

• Efficiency  & Handwork —> both are values

But it is not necessary that an efficient or hardworking man will be honest. (Honesty, truthfulness, e.g of ethical judgement).

                        So, all ethics or moral can be regarded as values but all values can not be regarded as ethics or morals. Values can be morals, immoral or amoral, depending upon whether they conform to, go against or are indifferent towards certain norms of morality. Our value determines/influence what we consider ethical.

‘Value is considered as the language of ethics‘

Ethics & Morals

• Ethics  & Morals both relate to ‘right’ and ‘wrong’ conduct. However ethics refer to  service of rules provided to an individual by an external source like their profession, society or religion.
• Moral refer to an individual own principles regarding right & wrong. It defines how things should work acc to an individual’s ideals and principles. The source is individual / internal. Morals may also be influenced by culture or society but they are personal principals created and upheld by the individual themselves.  
• A doctor may hate a criminal who has been injured while killing another individual. But his/her ethics tells/directs to treat the criminal with utmost care.      

• ‘A man not only product but also producer of his culture’  – e.g. – Slavery, discrimination, Sati were earlier accepted as social norms but not now.
• Ethical standards may go beyond the narrow stipulation of  law or rule books. Many acts of omission & commission may not violate the law, but may run counter to ethics.

Ethical Behavior at various levels

Consequences at different level

• Political level –> ‘Hung parliament’, ‘coalition govt’, Criminalization of polities  
• International –>  Violation of cease fire.
• Social            –>  drug addition ,mafia raj
• Individual      –>  petty crimes – disrupting Law & Order
• Environmental level –>  global environmental degradation                                                                            

Normative ethics, also called as prescriptive ethics. It is the study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act.

Meta Ethics:–  is the study of what ethical terms & theories actually refer to.

Descriptive Ethics:–   Studies the history & evolution of ethics. It gives a record of certain        taboos, custom or conventions. For e.g – it states the history of various institutions like family or marriage.

APPLIED ETHICS

 Pvt. & public relation cannot be divided in watertight compartments. They Consistently interact & influence each other. Ethics in Pvt. Relations helps in humanizing public relations & plays an important role in forming moral system of a person.

Aptitude & Fundamental Values for Civil Service

Aptitude is a person’s potential for learning a certain skill. It is the talent each of us have that enables us to do certain things

An attitude can be defined as positive or negative evaluation of people, objective, activities, event, ideas or just about anything in & around.

Attitude + Aptitude   = Altitude 

“It is your attitude not your aptitude that determines your altitude” Do you agree with statement? Substantiate with suitable examples.

Why values are essential component of organizational culture??

1. It determine, good behavior of civil servant

2. Ensure public trust and confidence

3. Help to overcome ethical & decision making dilemmas in the area of administrative discretion

Others values relevant to civil service /Various ethical concern in a public organization

1. Legality & Rationality

2. Responsibility & accountability

3. Work commitment

4. Responsiveness & resilience

5. Empathy to vulnerable, weaker section

6. Effectiveness

7. Transparency

8. Utilitarianism

9. National interest

10. Justice & fairness

“Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day, teach a man to fish and you feed him for  lifetime”.

Public administration is characterized by plurality of sets of values & a multiplicity of value systems that are often in conflict with each other. The pursuit  of liberty can become  incompatible with the pursuit of equality, the pursuit of justice with that of mercy & the pursuit of spontaneity with that of security. The role of public servant is to achieve the greatest good for the society by resolving value conflicts & ethical dilemmas without fear of  negative personal consequences. Value conflicts should not be regarded as detrimental  to an organization & learning to cope with such conflicts is part of good public management.

Attitude & Aptitude

Attitude has to do with the character and aptitude has to do with competence.

e.g- an administrator may be very good in problem solving (aptitude part) but may have the tendency to procrastinate the decisions (attitude part). Also, an administrator may have a  good aptitude in resolving the communal issues but may have a (-)ve attitude towards particular community which with ultimately influence his overall decision.

Integrity :- Conducting one’s action with freedom & not subordinating oneself to external influences

Impartiality: is a principle of justice holding that decision should based objective criteria, rather than on basis of bias & prejudice

Non-Partisanship

The principal of non – partisanship in based on political – administrative  dichotomy,   i.e. politics and administration are two different things & should remain  apart from each other. Politicians are there to formulate policies & take decisions & administrators are there to implement these policies. It is important that both of them should not interfere in each other’s work.

Significance of impartiality & Non – partisanship : 

1) Ensuring objective & evidence based advice to ministers

2) Delivering services in an effective manner

3) Managing resources & their utilization

4) Ensuring a legal and constitutional transition during & after election

5)Effective & lawful execution

6) Confidence of public on civil servants. 

Neutrality

Neutrality means that a civil servant should give free & fair advice to the government, impartially and take neutral stand without any bias & prejudice, in various policy matters regarding different classes, cultural grouping & common citizen.

Empathy :

Refers to the ability to imagine yourself in another’s place and understand the other’s suffering, feeling, desires, ideas and actions.

Sympathy &Empathy :

Sympathy and empathy are both acts of feeling, but with sympathy one feel sorry or pity for another person but don’t specifically understand the feeling of the distressed one.

However, in empathy to an extent one is placing himself or herself in the other’s place, have a good sense of what he or she feels and understand the feelings to a degree.

Tolerance :

Tolerance is respect, acceptance and appreciation of the rich diversity of various cultures, forms of expression and ways of being human. It is fostered by knowledge, openness, communication, freedom of thought, conscience & belief. Tolerance is harmony is difference.

Compassion :

Compassion is the understanding or empathy for the suffering of others. It invokes sensibility to understand and even feel the pain of others and motivates one to be truly helpful without having any self-interest.

A compassionate person helps other because he wants to not because he has to.

Empathy & Compassion:

Empathy is a form of compassion and it helps to understand the feelings of others. It is the motivation or drive which makes a person compassionate, about others and make helpful in overcoming the pain of others.  Thus empathy is closely related to compassion, but empathy precedes compassion and is a pre-requisite for compassion.

Rule of Law :

Rule of law is regarded as principle of governance in which all persons, institutions and entities, public and private including the state itself are accountable to the laws. It requires to ensure adherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law and accountability to the law. Sometimes it is expressed as ‘No one is above the law’.

Equity & Equality :

Equality is usually taken to mean that everyone should be treated as same (due to the fundamental equality of all persons), whereas an equity approach holds that groups and individuals should be treated according to their particular circumstances to requirements. Equity recognizes that some people have to overcome obstacles such as illiteracy, poverty, historical injustice, geographical inaccessibility etc. to access resources or opportunities. Therefore according to equity principle groups can be treated differently in the application of certain policies or the law, so as to compensate for these obstacles and to produce just & fair outcomes.

• Apathy means indifference.
• Sympathy focuses on kindness
• Empathy focuses on experience / feeling.
• Compassion focuses on action.

“I call him religious who understands the suffering of others”

Mahatma Gandhi

Lohe ka swad Lohar se Na pucho, us Ghore se puchho jiske muh me laggam Hain (Do not ask the Blacksmith about the taste of iron, ask the horse who has bit in his mouth)

The idea behind this line is that an arm-chair bureaucrat cannot understand the real pain and suffering of a common man unless he puts himself in common man’s place. This can only be done, if he has the value of empathy.

ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

‘Ethics are as important for the public Servant as blood for the body’

DETERMINANTS OF ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Discuss various ethical issues faced by Civil Servants regarding corruption. Also discuss the observation of 2^nd ARC in this regard.

Various ethical issues faced by the civil servants are as follows–

• Asymmetric distribution & abuse of power.
• Lack of accountability.
• Political interference & cronyism.
• Lack of integrity.  
• Lack of action against corrupt officials.
• Lack of proper protection to whistleblowers.
• Lack of proper code of conduct for public servants.
• Lack of transparency
• Lack of sensitivity towards common man. 

In this regard, the observations of 2^nd ARC are as under :-

• Corruption is a matter of concern.
• Lack of commitment in public servants towards redressal of citizens’ grievances.
• Red tapism and complex procedures add to the hardship of the citizens.
• Attitude of many public functionaries is one of arrogance and indifference.
• Lack of accountability.
• Frequent transfers of honest officers reduce their effectiveness.
• Sometimes there is unholy nexus between unscrupulous politicians and bureaucrats leading to poor governance.

Egalitarianism :

It is defined as a socio political doctrine that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political, economic, social and civil rights or as a social philosophy advocating the removal of economic inequalities among  people and the decentralization of power.

Egalitarianism  or equalitarianism is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds from the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people. Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or moral status.Egalitarianism is the doctrine that all citizens of a state should be accorded exactly equal rights.

Wikipedia

Accountability :   

Means answerability of officials for their decisions and actions. Accountability ensures that officials in public, private and voluntary sector organizations are responsible and answerable for their actions and that there is a redressal, when duties and commitments are not carried out satisfactorily or as per the standard.

Accountability is an acceptance of responsibility for honest and ethical conduct towards others.It is the acceptance of responsibility for one’s own actions. It implies a willingness to be transparent, allowing others to observe and evaluate one’s performance.

Investopedia

Responsibility & Accountability :   

Responsibility refers to the public servant’s responsiveness to the public by methods and procedures to enforce the public will, while accountability denotes the specific method and procedure to enforce a public servant’s  responsibility.

Horizontal  Vs Vertical accountability :   

• Horizontal accountability is the capacity of state institution  to check abuse by other public agencies and branches of Govt.
• Alternatively vertical accountability is the means through which citizens, mass media and civil society seek to enforce standards of good performance on officials.

While parliament is typically considered as a key institution in construct of horizontal accountability, it is also important in vertical accountability. Citizen and civil society groups can seek the support of elected representatives to redress grievances and intervene in the case of inappropriate or inadequate action by the Govt.

Political Vs legal accountability: 

• Political accountability usually manifests itself in the concept of individual ministerial responsibility, which is the cornerstone of the notion of responsible government.
• Legal accountability is performed by respecting & obeying the law of the land i.e. constitution, and the other rules and laws established in national and international framework.
• The parliament hold the executive politically accountable while the judiciary holds the executive legally accountable.

Social Accountability :

The prevailing view of social accountability is that it is an approach towards building such an accountability, that relies on civic engagement, whereby ordinary citizens and for civil society organizations participate directly or indirectly in ensuring accountability. Sometimes, it is referred  as society driven horizontal accountability.

The term social accountability is in a sense a misnomer, since it is not meant to refer to a specific type of accountability, but rather to a particular approach for enforcing accountability. Mechanism of social accountability can be initiated & supported by the state, citizens or both, but very often they are demand driven and operate from the bottom up. Social accountability initiatives are as varies as participatory budgeting , social audits & citizens reports card etc. Even legislators can take part in ensuring social accountability by asking questions to ministers related to various social issues.  

1998 OECD Recommendation managing ethics in Public Service

(1)        Ethical standards for public service should be clear

(2)        Ethical standards should be reflected in legal framework.

(3)        Ethical guidelines should be available to public servants

(4)        Public servants should know their rights and obligations when exposing wrongdoing.

(5)        Political commitment  to ethical behaviour

(6)        Decision making process should be transparent & open to society

(7)        There should be clear guidelines for interaction between public & private sector

(8)        Managers / Higher officials should promote & demonstrate ethical conduct

(9)        Management policies, procedures, practices should reflect ethical conduct

(10)      Public service condition and management of human resource should promote ethical conduct.

(11)      Adequate accountability mechanism should be in place within the public service

(12)      Appropriate procedure and sanctions to deal with wrong doings.

         

ETHICAL GOVERNANCE

Good governance     +   Ethical framework         =        Ethical governance

Ethical governance is a concept related to good governance. It requires that public officials adhere to the principle of serving others by setting high standard of moral conduct and driven by the purpose of well being of all.

Corporate Governance   :

Corporate governance is defined as a set of systems, process and principles, which ensure that a company is governed in the best interest of all stakeholder. It is about promoting cooperation, fairness, transparency and accountability.

How to strengthen organisation ethically

1) Performance appraisal – Not the result but the approach of the employee should be given preference.

2) Effective recruitment from ethical perspective.

3) Regular ethics audit focusing on what has been done whether, right or wrong what more can be done.

4) Establishing mutual trust and confidence among employee and employer and among employees themselves.

5) Training focusing on learning by doing 

6) Broad guidelines under code of ethics and code of conduct.

7) Leader who walk the talk, become a role model and consciously and unconsciously, it will result into   ethical organization if leader is an efficient & ethical leader.

8) Collaboration & consultation including all the stock holders.

 ETHICS IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

As the interaction, competition & collaboration among the nations is continuously increasing, It has raised many ethical issues in the global arena. It is observed that though the world is becoming a better place to live in terms of economic prosperity, but in terms of equality, peace, and environment  and human right there have been number of issues involving some ethical concerns also.

Ethical issues related to international affairs:

1. Management of common goods: The ‘Global commons’ refers to resource domains that lie outside of the political reach of any one ration state . International law identifies four global commons namely:  the high seas, the atmosphere, Antarctica, and outer space. There have been ethical issues, concerning with the human greed & exploitation of these global commons.

2. Humanitarian Interventions: On the ground of violation of basics human rights of citizens, western countries have intervened in the internal affairs of other countries again and again. Most of these interventions are malafide and was encouraged by the geostrategic reasons. This raises the ethical questions whether, it is right for a country to interfere in the internal affairs of another country and who would take the moral responsibility for the loss of human lives, which always occur in such interventions.

3. Disarmament:  Countries like USA had imposed economic and other sanctions on countries like Iran to prevent it from developing nuclear weapons. There are unanswered questions like, how it is ethical for a country to impose sanctions on others, without discarding their own nuclear arsenal.   

4. Intellectual Property Rights: The developed countries are depriving the poor countries from accessing the new technologies, technologies related to life saving drugs by the restrictive cause of IPR. In this debate, it is essential to determine, whether it is justified for a country/ company to defined its intellectual property rights on the grounds of commercial benefits, or they should ethically share the technology for the greater cause of humanity.

The major ethical dilemmas, faced by a country would be to choose between the ’national interest’ and ‘ethical responsibility’. It has been observed that countries went on to pursue their national interest without giving weightage to their ethical responsibility. (For e.g.- countries are trying to find out new sea routes across arctic). This would in long run, would be detrimental not only for the other countries, but also for the promoter country.

Therefore, it becomes necessary to consider the ethical grounds in international arena, and only a holistic approach can ensure equal and sustainable development for the world & its people.   

5.International funding- conditionality

Conditionality is a concept in international development, political economy and international relational which describes the use of conditions attached to a loan, debt relief, bilateral aid, typically by the international financial institution or donor countries. In the context of international finding ‘Conditionality’ is typically employed by the IMF,WB or a donor country, with respect to Loans, debt, relief & financial aid.

Conditionality may involve relatively uncontroversial requirements to enhance aid effectiveness, such as anti-corruption measures, but they may also involve highly controversial ones, such austerity or the privatization of key public services, which may provoke strong political opposition in the recipient country.

Issues arises in international arena:-

1. The donors shape the policy framework & strategies through impositions, seriously undermining the right, choices and decision of the people to determine their own demands and actions needed for their own development.
2. Local societal diversities & local ownership are ignored by conditionality.
3. It is argued that aid conditionality infringes on countries democracy & sovereignty.
4. The economic policy decisions, such as whether to privatize essential services or liberalize trade barriers–should be made by national govts, and should not be influenced by leverage of increased external funding.

International ethics:-

                ‘Ethics’, as the term is used in the international sphere, will be defined as “the study of the nature of duties across community boundaries. It is the study of how member of ‘bounded’ communities, mostly nation-states, ought to treat outsiders and strangers and specifically whether it is right to make such distinctions between insiders & outsiders.

                ‘International ethics’ refers to the good that international interactions, exchanges, relation can bring to our planet earth and to all life forms and which can be harmed by unfriendly hostile, non-cooperative behaviors.

There is  a considerable potential for ethical disputes to arise where clinical research, supported  by developed countries, takes place in developing countries. The potential risk of harm to participants has led to following ethical  questions-

1. To what extend should individuals in developing countries be invited to take  part in  research which may expose them and the future generation to a possible risk of harm, yet offer them little or no direct benefit.
2. There may be problems of language and same concepts may be difficult to explain or may be considered culturally unacceptable. Access to better health care & payment may provide powerful incentives  to participate in clinical research. Under these circumstances it can be difficult to ensure that consent procedures are genuine & legitimate.
3. Large scale trials in developing countries are associated with improvement for community health care, during  the period of the trial, due to better facilities. Is there an ethical obligation  to maintain an improved standard of care, even after the completion of trials?

Ethical issues related to international institution:

                The global circumstances, which gave birth to the international institutions, have change significantly particularly since the end of the cold war. The ethical issues due to which these organizations are unable to serve effectively the present global system are as follows-

• Democratic deficits :- engagement within international organizations  can hardly be described as democratic. These institutions are mainly dominated by the west for e.g. veto power enjoyed by the security council of UN.
• Global response to Regional problem :- The response of international org. to developing regions like Africa and their most pressing problems , on many cases are casual  in nature. For e.g. response of word community against ISIS in initial day.
• Legitimacy issues: – legitimacy is mostly linked to perception & the issue of legitimacy is at the heart of the challenges, faced by many international organizations, for e.g – conditionality attached to loans provided by WB, IMF etc.
• Issues of accountability & Transparency: – Accountability is worsened by the perceived lack of transparency in many international org.
• Enforcement of Mandates: – Enforcement powers of international organizations are severely limited. For e.g. – there is no framework for implementation of judgment pronounced by International Court of Arbitration.

ATTITUDE

Difference between Values and Attitude  :

• Values are belief systems that guide our behavior. Attitudes are responses that are a result of our value.

• Values decide what we think is desirable or undesirable; right or wrong; good or unjust whereas, Attitude is the readiness of our psyche to act or react in a certain way.

• Cognitive component of attitude is similar to values as both involve beliefs.

• Values are more or less permanent while attitudes are the result of our experiences & do change with favorable experiences.

• Manifestation of values is seen in the shape of our attitude.

• Object Appraisal: Refer to the ability of attitudes to summarize the positive and negative attributes of objects in our social world.

• Social Adjustment: It helps us to identify with people whom we like & whom we dislike.

• Externalization: It is fulfilled by attitudes that defend the self against internal conflict

Katz:  takes the view that attitudes are determined by the functions they serve for us. The main functions are as follows. 

Utilitarian instrumental function:

It refers to the development of positive attitudes towards those objects that are associated with rewards and develop negative attitude towards those that are associated with punishment.

Knowledge  : –

It represents the ability of attitudes to organize information about the associated objects. Knowledge helps us in organizing and structuring own experience.

Eco Defence:–

Some attitudes serve to protect us from acknowledging basic truths about ourselves or the harsh realities of life. These can help a person to cope with emotional conflicts and  protect self-esteem.

Value Expression:-

Value expressive attitudes show who we are and what we stand for

Dynamic Properties of Attitudes:-

• Attitude strength :- involves several dimensions, such as – certainty, intensity and extremity, attitude origin, personal importance.

• Attitude Accessibility:- Refers to the ease with which attitudes can be retrieved from memory.

Attitude Ambivalence :­-

One can also be conflicted or ambivalent towards an object, meaning that they simultaneous posses both positive and negative attitude toward the object in question.

               This situation can be expressed by two dimensional approach where one’s attitude might contain many (+)ves & many (-)ves aiding to attitudinal ambivalence.                    

For e.g.  –  One may have an ambivalent attitude towards arranged marriages, because on one hand  he/she values obedience & adherence to parents, on the other hand there are values of freedom and about personal choice .  

IMPACT OF ATTITUDE ON BEHAVIOUR

The basic finding decades of research is that sometime people act in accordance with their attitudes & other times they act inconsistent with their attitudes.

It is generally agreed that attitudes from any one determinant of behavior. They represent pre-dispositions to behave in particular ways but how one actually acts in a particular situation will depend on the immediate consequence of behavior. The perception of how others evaluate one’s action also inference the ways of behaving in a particular situation. In addition, there may be specific situational factors influencing behavior. Thus sometimes, when one experience a conflict of attitude & behavior may represent a compromise between them. 

Attitudes – Explicit Vs Implicit :-

The primary difference between implicit & explicit attitude is found in conscious awareness of a particular attitude & how the attitude is expressed.

Explicit attitudes are the result of conscious cognition, which means person is aware of his or her attitude. Explicit attitudes are mostly affected by recent or more accessible events.

Implicit attitudes are derived from past memories, which are rooted in unconscious cognition. One does not deliberately think over it, rather it comes out from inner self without an intention.

Persuasion

Robert Cialdini published his book “Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion” in 1984 and discussed 6 principles of ethical persuasion as weapon of influence . Theses 6 principles are reciprocity, consistency, social proof, liking, authority, and scarcity.

1. Reciprocity

One of the most basic principles of influence is to simply give that which you want to receive. In other words, doing right by others is a good way to get others to do the same for you. This idea of reciprocity is a powerful one.

There are a couple of ways to have this reciprocity work for you. Giving others small gifts, treating others with respect, and doing favors for those in need, are all things that can win you points with other individuals.

So a good approach is to always help others and be kind when you have the opportunity, because you never know how it may help you down the line. Moreover, it is these small acts of kindness that will be remembered and come in handy when you’re in need of a favor yourself.

2. Consistency

The principle of consistency is based on the power of active, public, and voluntary commitments, which results in people actually sticking to their word. Let’s walk through these requirements in a little more detail. The first part is an active commitment. By active, Cialdini means something that is written or spoken to other’s. Having people say they will do something is a start, but when they actively commit to it they’re much more likely to follow through.

The next piece is making it public. When other’s witness this commitment, it adds a level of accountability to the statement. And no one wants to go back on their word.

Finally, it has to be voluntary. If you force someone to make an active, public commitment that they didn’t decide on themselves, you’ve accomplished nothing.

3. Social Proof

People rely on social cues from others on how to think, feel, and act in many situations. And not just any people, but peers. People they believe are similar to them. This is a key point and what is called social proof.

So if you wanted to influence your interns or a particular team in your department or the new hires, you need to get one of them to buy in first. When they see an employee like themselves seemingly taking action on their own or following a new directive, they are more probable to follow suit.

Having that first person take action makes all the difference and unlocks the power of social proof.

4. Liking

Based on the principle that people are more easily influenced by those they like. It consists of several elements – physical attractiveness, similarity, praise, contact & association. People like those who like them or who they perceive as friends. It’s a simple, yet powerful idea. The principle of liking can be used in a few different ways. For e.g -Celebrity endorsement

5. Authority

When you are perceived as an expert in an area, others’ will be more likely to agree with you. Why? Often because experts are able to offer a shortcut to good decisions that would otherwise take a long time to devise themselves. The idea then is to establish that credibility of authority and expertise.

There are a number of ways to establish such authority. A quick and easy one is to make visible all diplomas, credentials, and awards in the office or workplace to establish your background. Of course this may not always be an option. Another approach is to convey expertise through short anecdotes or background information shared in casual conversations.

Sometimes, people confuse the symbol of authority (title, appearance, possessions) with the true substance.

6. Scarcity

It refers to the ‘rule of the few’.  Items and opportunities become more desirable as they are less accessible. For e.g – ‘Limited edition’ or last week for sale’ are slogans that have an immediate effect. One is simply to make offers limited-time, limited-supply, or one-time, which immediately creates a sense of scarcity.

Finally is the exclusivity approach. Providing access to information, services, or other items to a limited set of people creates a sense of exclusiveness. This often gets translated into being a favor to those people or that you value them more than others.

“Character may almost be called the most effective means of persuasion.”

Aristotle

Attribution  :  

Attribution are explanations for events and behavior.

Personal attributions refer to factors within the persons, such as their personality, character, motivation, ability & effort.

Situational attribution refer to factors within to environment that are external to the persons.

Identification :-

It is the changing of attitudes or behaviours due to the influence of someone or something that is liked. A person using a certain brand try to identify himself or herself with the celebrity endorsing the brand.

Internalisation  :-

It is the process of acceptance of a set of norms established by people or groups which are influential to an individual. The individual accepts the influence because the content of the influence accepted, is intrinsically rewarding.

Conformity  :- 

It is a type of social influence involving a charge in behavior, belief or thinking to align with those of others, or to align with some normative standards.

Conformity may be in appearance only, publicly appearing to conform (compliance) or it may be a complete conformity that impact an individual both publicly and privately.

Reactance :-

It is an unpleasant motivational arousal (reaction) to offers, persons, rules, or regulations that threaten or eliminate specific behavioral freedoms. Reactance occurs when a person feels that someone or something is taking away their choices or limiting the range of alternatives.

Reactance can occur when someone is heavily pressured to accept a certain view or attitude. Reactance can cause the person to adopt or strengthen a view or attitude that is contrary to what was intended, and also increases resistance to persuasion. People using reverse psychology are playing on reactance, attempting to influence someone to choose the opposite of what they request.

Obedience:-

It is a form of ‘social inference’ in which a person follows explicit instruction or orders from an authority figure. It can be seen as immoral, amoral and moral.

It is generally distinguished from compliance, which is behavior influenced by peers and from conformity, which is behavior intended to match that of the majority.

Minority influence :-

It takes place, when a majority is influenced to accept the beliefs and behaviors of minority 

Ability Model  :-

Four different factors of emotional Intelligence –

• In order to properly understand the emotions, it is first necessary to accurately perceive them. For eg. understanding non – verbal signals such as body language, facial expression.
• Using emotions to promote thinking cognitive activity
• Perceived emotion may carry a wide variety of meaning. The observer must understand the exact cause. For e.g – one person may be angry due to family problem or due to official pressure.The ability to manage emotions effectively is a key part of emotional intelligence.
• Regulating emotions, responding  appropriately and responding emotions of others are important   aspects of emotional management.

Emotional Quotient  :-

EQ also called emotion intelligence quotient is a measurement of a person’s ability to cope with pressure & demands, and to control his or her thought and actions. This ability to assess and affect situations and relationships with other people also plays a role in emotional Intelligence.

Components of Emotional Quotient

When considering emotional intelligence, we look both internally and externally. EQ considers how we think about ourselves and how we think about and act toward others. The three internal hallmarks of emotional intelligence pertinent to self are:

• Self-awareness is the ability to recognize and understand your moods, emotions and drives, as well as their effect on others.
• Self-regulation is the ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses and moods and the propensity to suspend judgement and think before acting. In practice, it is your ability to influence your emotional clarity.
• Motivation is a passion to work for reasons that go beyond the external drive for knowledge, utility, surroundings, others, power or methodology and are based on an internal drive or propensity to pursue goals with energy and persistence.

Externally, EQ is a measure of what goes on between you and others.

• Social-awareness is the ability to understand the emotional makeup of other people and how your words and actions affect others. Summed up, it’s all about assessing others.
• Social-regulation is your ability to influence the emotional clarity of others through a proficiency in managing relationships and building networks.

Emotional Intelligence (E I) Vs Intellectual Intelligence (I Q)

It is very important to understand that emotional intelligence is not the opposite of intelligence, it is not the triumph of heart over head, it is the unique intersection of both.

Now the question is : What’s more important in determining life success—book smarts or street smarts? Proponents of so-called “book smarts” might suggest that IQ plays the most critical role in determining how well people fare in life. Those who advocate for the importance of what might be called “street smarts” would instead suggest that EQ is even more important.

The Difference Between IQ and EQ

How are IQ and EQ measured and tested? Intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a number derived from a standardized intelligence test. On the original IQ tests, scores were calculated by dividing the individual’s mental age by their chronological age and then multiplying that number by 100.So, a child with a mental age of 15 and a chronological age of 10 would have an IQ of 150. Today, scores on most IQ tests are calculated by comparing the test taker’s score to the average scores of other people in the same age group.

IQ represents abilities such as:

• Visual and spatial processing
• Knowledge of the world
• Fluid reasoning
• Working memory and short-term memory
• Quantitative reasoning

Emotional intelligence refers to a person’s ability to perceive, control, evaluate, and express emotions. Researchers such as John Mayer and Peter Salovey, as well as writers like Daniel Goleman, have helped shine a light on emotional intelligence, making it a hot topic in areas ranging from business management to education. EQ is centered on abilities such as:

• Identifying emotions
• Evaluating how others feel
• Controlling one’s own emotions
• Perceiving how others feel
• Using emotions to facilitate social communication
• Relating to others

Since the 1990s, emotional intelligence has gone from a semi-obscure concept found in academic journals to a popularly recognized term. Now one can buy toys that claim to help boost emotional intelligence or enroll kids in social and emotional learning (SEL) programs designed to teach emotional intelligence skills. In some schools in the United States, social and emotional learning is even a curriculum requirement.

Which Is More Important?

At one point in time, IQ was viewed as the primary determinant of success. People with high IQs were assumed to be destined for a life of accomplishment and achievement, and researchers debated whether intelligence was the product of genes or the environment (the nature versus nurture debate).However, some critics began to realize that high intelligence was no guarantee for success in life. It was also perhaps too narrow a concept to fully encompass the wide range of human abilities and knowledge.

IQ is still recognized as an important element of success, particularly when it comes to academic achievement. People with high IQs typically to do well in school, often earn more money, and tend to be healthier in general. But today experts recognize that IQ is not the only determinant of life success. Instead, it is part of a complex array of influences—one that includes emotional intelligence. Many companies now mandate emotional intelligence training and use EQ tests as part of the hiring process.

Research has found that individuals with strong leadership potential also tend to be more emotionally intelligent, suggesting that a high EQ is an important quality for business leaders and managers.

Emotional abilities can also influence the choices that consumers make when confronted with buying decisions. Nobel-prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman found that people would rather deal with a person that they trust and like rather than someone they do not, even if that means paying more for an inferior product.

TRANSPARENCY IN GOVERNANCE

Probity  : The quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency.

e.g.  a person of indisputable probity must head the disciplinary panel.

What Is Probity?

Probity is defined as evidence of ethical behaviour in organisational processes adhering to standards of integrity, transparency and honesty. Probity aims to maintain the integrity of organisations by avoiding improper practises and minimising conflict.   

Transparency: –

               It implies openness in decision making process and freedom of information to the members of the public and media. The people have the right to know how decisions are made on routine as well as on policy matters, whether they are benefited or affected by the decision, how service is rendered or how and when the goods are delivered. 

               Lack of transparency is considered to be responsible for making the govt slow, inefficient & corrupt. Transparent mechanism involves the creation of a climate of self-restraint and self-check to avoid irregularities.

Advantages of information Sharing & Transparency in Governance: –

1. Ensuring transparency in public dealing is bound to bring about a more careful utilization of public funds.
2. It would bring less red tape, less complex and inconsistent forms and less repetition of process.
3. Transparency in gov. functioning will make public servants take decisions more rationally & objectively, forsaking any kind of business.
4. It will hold public servants accountable for their mishandling of public time & money.
5. People will benefit from improved public service delivery system.
6. It will lead to true participation of the citizen in the governance of the country.

Transparency in government

Code of Ethics

A code of ethics is a set of written or unwritten guidelines, which are designed to carve out acceptable behaviors for member of a particular group, association of profession.

1. Code of Ethics increase the probability that people will behave in certain ways. For e.g.- A doctor will not prescribe unnecessary medicines.
2. The Ethical codes help in resolving ethical dilemma and avoiding conflict of interest e.g.- A civil servant should not give a contract to his/her relatives or friends. It may not be illegal but it may be unethical.
3. Ethical codes also focus on actions of public servants so that they result in doing the right things for the right reason. e.g.- A civil servant may need to use his/her discretions in awarding certain contracts. Even in such cases, he supposed to follow ethical principles of impartiality, honesty and probity.

Code of Conduct :

                 A Code of Conduct is a set of rules outlining the expected behavior form the member of an organization. The purpose of Code of Conduct is to regulate the conduct of members in various matters such as property transactions, acceptance of gifts, joining of non-political organizations and various other issues. They are generally issued in the forms of “do’s” & “don’ts”.

Code of Ethics & Code of Conduct

               A Code of Ethics covers broad guiding principles of good behavior and governance, while a Code of Conduct would in a precise and unambiguous manners, stipulate a list of acceptable and unacceptable behavior and actions.

Need of Code of Ethics & Code of Conduct for Public Servants

1. Public Officials have a duty to uphold public interest and should publicly state their commitment to it.
2. A Code of Conduct delineates professional boundaries of behaviors.
3. Public officials should be honest, lawful, independent impartial, fair and observe due process and economize public interest.
4. A Code of Conduct serves as a basis for professional identity and pride for public officials. It is a source of both cognitive & emotive values.
5. It is the basis for holding public officials accountable.
6. A Code of Conduct communicates to the public the behavioral standards to be expected from the public officials.
7. It promotes public trust through predictability, reliability and professionalism – on the part of public officials.

As per 2^nd ARC, a comprehensive civil service code can be conceptualized at three levels:-

Following are the ways in which adherence to code of conduct may be achieved

Work culture :

Work Culture refers to certain belief, perception, values, and set of practice towards the work within a work environment in an organization.

Characteristic of a Healthy work culture :

i) Employees are cordial with each other & respect each other.

ii) Conflicts are minimum & they are resolved after considering underlying causes.

Iii) Each employee is treated in alike manners.

iv) Employees are judged only by their work and nothing else.